This article attempts to study the contexts, reasons and consequences of feeling insecurity among women in URBAN PUBLIC PLACES. The field of study is URBAN PUBLIC PLACES in Sanandaj. A sample is selected by theoretical purposes sampling and they were interviewed by way of deep individual interviews. The findings show that feeling insecurity among women in URBAN PUBLIC PLACES is due to causes like “structural tensions” and “sociofobia” as well as circumstances such as “violent PLACES” and “self representation”. Women also believe that their insecurity feelings are amplified by specific reasons and motivations visible in men words, behaviors and gestures. The most important of these reasons/motivations are: “appetence of relation” & “Frustration/aggression”. This Insecurity feeling of women has individual and collective consequences that made them to adopt “Precautionary actions”, such as secrecy and silence. These insecurity feelings are also visible in social level.

Introduction The discussion below can be read as a call for more rigorous and transparent explication of philosophical commitments and implications of one’ s chosen methodological standpoint. Physical structure, function and perception is led to place. Place by imagination and memory is defied. Nowadays, URBAN PUBLIC spaces are in the lack of meaning they cannot perfectly be percepted by citizens. The purpose of this research is proposing, effective indicators in perception of citizens in URBAN PUBLIC PLACES. Meaning quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES is a big concern. Various indices shape meaning quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES. Some indices have more roles in perception quality and some of them less. Finding these indices could help planners and designers to improve meaning quality from the perspective of citizens. Research methodology Studied area The studied area is Yazd city in Iran country. So, Yazd province is located in the center of the country, and its center is city of Yazd. This city have about 582682 population. The city of Yazd is the economic and administrative capital of the province and therefore the most heavily populated. Yazd is one of the best Iranian Architecture samples. It is one of the major and historical cities in the world and this city is preparing a historic texture portfolio to register in UNESCO. This research done on Yazd Materials and methods The aim of research is, introducing indices in perception the quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES in the view of Yazd (Iran) citizens. So, the research method is descriptive-analytical. Also, survey analysis method was used. At first, the literature was reviewed due to proposed indicators. In order to analyzing indicators the sample size is 384. So, the questionnaire was used. On the other hand, T-test and Friedman test (Non Parametric Test, K Related Samples), in SPSS, used to analysis data. Findings a. Proposed indicators Based on research method, at first scientific studies has been reviewed. So, indicators have been concluded from some ideas such as: Lynch (1981), Violich (1983), Bentli (2005), Coleman (1987), Alen Jacobs & Appelyard (1998), South worth, (1989), Greene(1992), Haughton & Hunter (1994), Punter & Carmona (1997), Carmona (2003), Also, National and international institutions such as PPS, theoretical issues about the quality and the quality of the survey have developed during the past few decades. Table 1 shows, the components of URBAN space quality in scientific ideas. According to this table twenty two indexes select for analysis in the semi Delfi process. These twenty tow indexes are: Eco-friendly form, Visual compatibility, Visual character, Accessibility, Walk-ability, Environment for all, Social reaction, Variety land use, Customizable, Efficiency, Happiness, Richness, Friendly, According to past values or historical, Eligibility, Learning, Personalization, Security, Sense of time, Culturally, Meanings, manifestations and spiritual themes, Permeability. Table 1: components of URBAN space quality in scientific ideas b. Descriptive findings In terms of gender structure about half of the respondents were male and half of them were female. Also, more than half of them were single and others were married. The average age of the subjects was 34 years. In terms of education, about 40 percent of respondents had a master's degree and 30 percent of participation had bachelor degree. The birthplace of half respondents in this study is Yazd city and others were born in other cities. The participants were residing in Yazd city. c. Analytical findings Measuring the perception of residents (In terms of divided squares) The participants were asked to express their judgments about the quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES in order to evaluate the effect of the 22 indicators on the perception of respondents and their judgment about the meaning quality. Answers were analyzed using one-sample t-test and the results are presented in Table2 Table 2: analyzed indicators The values more than 3 for each indicator represent significant effect on the quality of judgment in the perception of citizens. According to this analysis, these indicators i. e., variety of land use, Social interactions, Sense of time, The environment for all, Welcoming and friendly, Culturally, efficiency have average above 3 and have been effective to understand the meaning of place quality in Yazd city. The results showed that other indicators are not effective on respondents' perception of the quality squares. Respondent’ s prioritization of the meaning quality indices Achieving to the importance of each indicator in shaping the perceptual quality of the squares was important result of this study that will be used in the future by others. To prioritize the respondents' perception of meaning quality indicators, Friedman test was used. Table 3 shows the results of this analysis. Table 3. The results of Friedman test The results of Friedman test confirms that there are significant difference between twenty tow indicator’ s impacts on meaning quality of spaces perception. It should be noted that the most important indicator in the formation of meaning quality are Environment for all, accessibility and efficiency. Conclusion Analyzing the meaning quality of URBAN PUBLIC spaces by means of quantitative methods and experimental models is an approach that is used to identify the overall level of quality. Meanwhile, access to reliable results, close to reality, can be used to planning and decision-making around proceeding strategy and physical, non-physical intervention on PUBLIC PLACES. This study was done based on using these approaches of measuring environmental quality. This paper indicate that among the indices for all 22 indicators, three indicators (Environment for all, accessibility and efficiency) have the most effect on percept meaning quality. Amir Chaqmaq square has the best quality between Yazd squares. According to past values or historical was the main index in meaning quality of Amir Chaqmaq square. Key words: Place, URBAN PUBLIC PLACES, Meaning Quality, Perception, Yazd, Iran.

Background As the population pyramid in Iran shifts to aging and the influence of environmental conditions on the elderly people, the need to pay attention to the foundations of well-being, security and comfort is felt more than ever. Objective The present study aimed at evaluating the URBAN open spaces and PUBLIC buildings/PLACES of Qazvin city in Iran as indicators of an age-friendly city based on the perception of older people and managers. Methods This is a descriptive/analytical study conducted in 2017 on 200 older people and 40 URBAN managers. The older people were selected by a random cluster sampling technique, and managers by a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools were a demographic form and Ageing-Friendly City Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. Findings The mean age of the elderly people was 68. 32± 6. 48 years and for the managers, it was 40. 28 ± 5. 94 years. The mean score of PUBLIC buildings/PLACES was 3. 49± 1. 06 reported by the elderly group and 2. 64± 0. 77 by the managers. For URBAN open spaces, it was 3. 06± 0. 89 and 2. 60± 0. 52, respectively. There was a significant difference between the opinions of two groups regarding the two surveyed indicators (P<0. 001). Conclusion The city of Qazvin is far from ideal in terms of buildings/PUBLIC PLACES and open spaces for the elderly. Therefore, URBAN managers should pay more attention to these indicators and take more effective steps to increase their quality.

The Meaning quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES is a matter of concern. Various indices shape the quality of the meaning of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES. Some indices have greater roles in relation to perceptions of quality, and some of these play lesser. Finding these indices could help planners and designers improve the quality of meaning from the perspective of citizens. The main question of this paper is: What are the main indices of meaning quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES in the perceptions of citizens of Yazd (Iran)? And what are their priorities? To answer this question, this paper deployed the survey analysis method, with 376 participants to answer questioners. The process of the survey started with a literature review to determine meaning quality indices and SPSS was used to analysis data: T-test for evaluating best indices, and Friedman’ s test for rating them. The results indicate that among the 22 indicators, three (Efficiency, Walkability, and Environment for all) have the greatest effect on perceptions of meaning quality. The conclusion is as follows: The quality of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES can be easily enhanced by relying on these three indices. And if a place like Amir Chakhmaq or Besat Square does have a rich culture, according to past values or historical backgrounds, and these are more effective for understanding the quality of their meaning, then those are the three top indices. So, in the process of obtaining perceptions of quality, some indices are more general that could have greater priority, and the priority of some others are defined on the basis of the special characters of that place (such as cultural and historical backgrounds). Those indices— which refer to form and physical aspects— are important for all citizens. And when PLACES have cultural and historical aspects, the priorities change. This means that quality judgment has certain levels. Some levels are shaped by form and physical indices, which are general for all PLACES, and some of these are not general and vary from one place to another.

"PUBLIC Sphere" is regarded as middle private place and superior sovereignty of government and is one of the tools for obtaining to democracy. Material PUBLIC space is among objective element related to PUBLIC Sphere that as outer reality covers the material aspect of PUBLIC Sphere. In Islamic RePUBLIC of Iran, the PLACES of worship -specialty mosques- are among obvious instances of PUBLIC physical spaces that may regard as mediator link for reducing gap between people and government and also a place for holding seminar among citizens and discussion concepts including: "PUBLIC Good" and "PUBLIC Interest" and prepares the suitable opportunity for religious democracy. The present article, reveals minimum approach prepared by government, self- control, administration of PUBLIC religious PLACES, self-tradition, self-religious issues and self-sovereignty of citizens. In fact, citizens as a result of PUBLIC space of worship, practice PUBLIC partnership in smaller scale for finally implementing it as their own democracy.

Introduction: Rivers have been effective in the location, appearance, and development of settlements, everywhere including in Iran, and have offered them various qualities. The current problem of water in the country has emphasized the issue of water quality and health of rivers. However, simultaneous protection of rivers, response to the concern of how to handle them in the development of settlements, and utilization of this gift to the benefit of the PUBLIC requires an identification of their dimensions, functions, and values within different branches of science. Recognition of the importance of rivers, along with avoidance of an incomprehensive view in their planning, management, and exploitation, provides a collective consensus among the people, officials, and professionals, which paves the way for the use of rivers to improve the quality of life. Theoretical Framework: By reviewing the functions, values, and qualities of rivers, while emphasizing the need for their protection, this study seeks to re-examine and re-emphasize their importance for settlements and their inhabitants and the need for comprehensive consideration of these natural phenomena. It also highlights the need to change attitudes toward rivers and avoid sectoral planning and management in different scales and systems of study, and indicates the importance of adopting a comprehensive view. In the context of URBAN design, the study explains the central role of rivers in distinguishing PUBLIC PLACES. Accordingly, the primary purposes of the research are to review and account for the functions, values, and qualities of rivers for settlements and to explain the dimensions of river-centeredness in cities and PUBLIC PLACES. The secondary purposes are to account for the different dimensions of URBAN rivers in accordance with the systems of study in different branches of science and to explain the necessity of adopting a holistic approach in confrontation with URBAN rivers. The review of the research literature indicates that most studies have examined aspects of the role and value of rivers along with their focuses. Specifically, domestic studies have not attempted to comprehensively investigate the issue, and involve minor references to certain functions or qualities of rivers. In addition, these studies have not examined the centrality of rivers in settlements and PUBLIC PLACES. Methodology: This developmental-applied research seeks to reform the attitudes and perspectives of URBAN management professionals and experts in river-related branches of science (including URBAN planning and design) and to note the importance of a holistic view for their protection and use by reviewing the roles and functions of rivers and their qualities and values for humans and settlements. In addition, the present study attempts to investigate the centrality of the river in PUBLIC PLACES that are based on this natural phenomenon. It is based on the empiricism paradigm and a qualitative approach, where the method of multi-case study is adopted to examine the status of theoretical concepts extracted from the literature in order to collect the necessary data for description, analysis, and comparison of the case samples along with field surveys. Results and Discussion: The present study has examined the related literature including field surveys conducted in different Iranian cities with rivers, identified, formulated, and presented the roles and functions/values and qualities of the river as environmental/ecological, physical/spatial, functional, economic, social/cultural, perceptual and psychological, legal, geographical, and other systems of study, and shown the scopes of investigation of various branches of science for them. In addition, it has introduced the multiple dimensions of rivers and indicated the necessity of overhaul and metamorphosis treatment of rivers due to their multifaceted nature after provision of the required framework within river-related branches of science. On the one hand, the study has identified the items that can be inferred as differentiating factors in river-based PUBLIC PLACES using river characteristics with logical conclusions drawn from river roles/functions/values/qualities. On the other hand, the findings confirm that water and its effects and characteristics (i. e. the status of the river as basis) are the most important factors used for distinguishing river-centered PUBLIC PLACES from others. Therefore, it is necessary in the planning and design of such PLACES to consider the central features of the river and use them as components that shape the distinct personality of the place. Thus, effectiveness of the river and river-centeredness in PUBLIC PLACES with rivers as basis at sustainable place-making requires particular concern for activity and attempt, function and use, climatic comfort, economic competitiveness, social interaction, identity and culture, energy supply, education and culture, landscaping, physical and mental well-being, self-actualization, pedestrianism, meaning creation, infrastructure, appearance and landscape, internal cohesion, external cohesion, and connection with the nature. Conclusion: Playing numerous, diverse roles, rivers provide many values and qualities for the settlements involving them and their inhabitants. Although Iran is located mostly in arid and semi-arid climates, many of its settlements experience the presence of small and large rivers, permanent and seasonal. Taking advantage of this opportunity and enjoying such qualities and values as a competitive advantage requires a well-codified, comprehensive plan and transcendental, intelligent, creative management. The results of the research demonstrate that most of the interviewees believe that the river can be used as a PUBLIC place provided that the required training is offered to users, and proper planning, design, and maintenance is established under the supervision of the government and URBAN management as designated domains for the river free of the risk of damaging it. Potential applications of this research include the integration of planning, design, and management of rivers, sustainable place-making and reconstruction with a focus on rivers, revision of URBAN development documents, and revision of the relevant laws.

Nowadays, security has been among the basic needs of human gatherings and in URBAN planning the issue of women's security in URBAN PLACES is considerably taken into consideration. The present study aimed at investigating women's security feeling and its related factors at Elgoli Park by interviewing 277 women older than 15 years old. The results revealed that the factors of atmosphere form, misleading environmental information, lighting, environmental pollution, access degree to PUBLIC transportation services, quality of activities, use of the land around the park, and social factors of users such as age, occupation, and education are correlated with the security feeling of the women. Furthermore, the factor of lighting had the highest impact and the factors of activities and use of land had the lowest impact on the women's security feeling. Additionally, there was a significant relationship with 99 percent confidence correlation between the security feeling of women and factors of atmosphere form, misleading environmental information, lighting, environmental pollution, access to PUBLIC transportation services, quality of activities, and the use of land around the park. Changing the plan of residential, commercial, and PUBLIC PLACES and creating environments to prevent crimes require management, planning, and manipulating the environment to reach a smart system. This, in turn, requires URBAN managers and planners to try to create suitable PLACES that make it possible for all social groups to attend and consequently to create a safe city.

The neutrality of living spaces in the URBAN environment and man’s lack of space in the URBAN structure both indicate that contemporary man is suffering from homelessness and lack of space. That is why citizens and URBAN dwellers have lost their identity and their interaction with the environment. The mission of URBAN planning is to enhance URBAN spaces to PLACES in which social and human values can be manifested.Phenomenology has the potential to create meaningful environments and call for a sense of place, spirit of place, and meaning of place, all of which being the basic elements of the identity of a place. The results of the present study have shown that it is not needed to look for a new designing style, instead, it is necessary to search for traditional meanings and values in the architecture and construction of cities with especial attention to phenomenological approach.